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• Four Historical Systems

  • Ptolemaic System

    • Texts or Readings
      • More to Read
        • Detail of the Almaestum Novum
      • Notable People
        • About Claudius Ptolemy
      • Notable Features
        • Harmonics
        • Basic Astronomy
        • Islamic Reconstruction
    • Instruments
    • Experiments
      • Simulator
      • Equatorium

  • Copernican System

  • Keplerian System

  • Newtonian System